94. […]
Editorial note: Deleted by improvements project standard IAS 8 with effect for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005. If an entity applies this Standard for an earlier period, these amendments shall be applied for that earlier period. Previously "The Standard requires a different treatment from IAS 8, Net Profit or Loss for the Period, Fundamental Errors and Changes in Accounting Policies. IAS 8 requires comparative information to be restated (benchmark treatment) or additional pro forma comparative information on a restated basis to be disclosed (allowed alternative treatment) unless it is impracticable to do so."
Effective Date
95. This International Accounting Standard becomes operative for annual financial statements covering periods beginning on or after 1 July 1999. Earlier application is encouraged. If an enterprise applies this Standard for periods beginning before 1 July 1999, it should disclose that fact.

96. […]
Editorial note: Deleted by improvements project standard IAS 10 with effect for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005. If an entity applies this Standard for an earlier period, these amendments shall be applied for that earlier period. Previously "This Standard supersedes the parts of IAS 10, Contingencies and Events Occurring After the Balance Sheet Date], that deal with contingencies."
Appendix A - Tables - Provisions, Contingent Liabilities, Contingent Assets and Reimbursements
The purpose of this appendix is to summarise the main requirements of the Standard. It does not form part of the Standard and should be read in the context of the full text of the Standard.
Provisions and Contingent Liabilities
Where, as a result of past events, there may be an outflow of resources embodying future economic benefits in settlement of: (a) a present obligation; or (b) a possible obligation whose existence will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the enterprise.
There is a present obligation that probably requires an outflow of resources.     There is a possible obligation or a present obligation that may, but probably will not, require an outflow of resources.    There is a possible obligation or a present obligation where the likelihood of an outflow of resources is remote.
A provision is recognised (paragraph 14).
Disclosures are required for the provision (paragraphs 84 and 85).    No provision is recognised (paragraph 27).
Disclosures are required for the contingent liability (paragraph 86).    No provision is recognised (paragraph 27).
No disclosure is required (paragraph 86).
A contingent liability also arises in the extremely rare case where there is a liability that cannot be recognised because it cannot be measured reliably. Disclosures are required for the contingent liability.

Contingent Assets
Where, as a result of past events, there is a possible asset whose existence will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the enterprise.
The inflow of economic benefits is virtually certain.    The inflow of economic benefits is probable, but not virtually certain.     The inflow is not probable.
The asset is not contingent (paragraph 33).    No asset is recognised (paragraph 31).
Disclosures are required (paragraph 89).    No asset is recognised (paragraph 31).
No disclosure is required (paragraph 89).
Reimbursements
Some or all of the expenditure required to settle a provision is expected to be reimbursed by another party.
The enterprise has no obligation for the part of the expenditure to be reimbursed by the other party.    The obligation for the amount expected to be reimbursed remains with the enterprise and it is virtually certain that reimbursement will be received if the enterprise settles the provision.     The obligation for the amount expected to be reimbursed remains with the enterprise and the reimbursement is not virtually certain if the enterprise settles the provision.
The entity has no liability for the amount to be reimbursed (paragraph 57).
No disclosure is required.    The reimbursement is recognised as a separate asset in the balance sheet and may be offset against the expense in the income statement. The amount recognised for the expected reimbursement does not exceed the liability (paragraphs 53 and 54).
The reimbursement is disclosed together with the amount recognised for the reimbursement (paragraph 85(c))    The expected reimbursement is not recognised as an asset (paragraph 53).
The expected reimbursement is disclosed (paragraph 85(c)).

图片：1.jpg

Note: in rare cases, it is not clear whether there is apresent obligation. In these cases, a past event is deemed to give rise to apresent obligation if, taking account of all available evidence, it is morelikely than not that a present obligation exists at the balance sheet date(paragraph 15 of the Standard).

Appendix C - Examples: Recognition
This appendix illustrates the application of the Standard to assist in clarifying its meaning. It does not form part of the Standard.
All the enterprises in the examples have 31 December year ends. In all cases, it is assumed that a reliable estimate can be made of any outflows expected. In some examples the circumstances described may have resulted in impairment of the assets - this aspect is not dealt with in the examples.
The cross references provided in the examples indicate paragraphs of the Standard that are particularly relevant. The appendix should be read in the context of the full text of the Standard.
References to 'best estimate' are to the present value amount, where the effect of the time value of money is material.

Example 1: Warranties
A manufacturer gives warranties at the time of sale to purchasers of its product. Under the terms of the contract for sale the manufacturer undertakes to make good, by repair or replacement, manufacturing defects that become apparent within three years from the date of sale. On past experience, it is probable (i.e. more likely than not) that there will be some claims under the warranties.
Present obligation as a result of a past obligating event - The obligating event is the sale of the product with a warranty, which gives rise to a legal obligation.
An outflow of resources embodying economic benefits in settlement - Probable for the warranties as a whole (see paragraph 24).
Conclusion - A provision is recognised for the best estimate of the costs of making good under the warranty products sold before the balance sheet date (see paragraphs 14 and 24).
Example 2A: Contaminated Land - Legislation Virtually Certain to be Enacted
An enterprise in the oil industry causes contamination but cleans up only when required to do so under the laws of the particular country in which it operates. One country in which it operates has had no legislation requiring cleaning up, and the enterprise has been contaminating land in that country for several years. At 31 December 2000 it is virtually certain that a draft law requiring a clean-up of land already contaminated will be enacted shortly after the year end.

Present obligation as a result of a past obligating event - The obligating event is the contamination of the land because of the virtual certainty of legislation requiring cleaning up.
An outflow of resources embodying economic benefits in settlement - Probable.
Conclusion - A provision is recognised for the best estimate of the costs of the clean-up (see paragraphs 14 and 22).
Example 2B: Contaminated Land and Constructive Obligation
An enterprise in the oil industry causes contamination and operates in a country where there is no environmental legislation. However, the enterprise has a widely published environmental policy in which it undertakes to clean up all contamination that it causes. The enterprise has a record of honouring this published policy.
Present obligation as a result of a past obligating event - The obligating event is the contamination of the land, which gives rise to a constructive obligation because the conduct of the enterprise has created a valid expectation on the part of those affected by it that the enterprise will clean up contamination.
An outflow of resources embodying economic benefits in settlement - Probable.
Conclusion - A provision is recognised for the best estimate of the costs of clean-up (see paragraphs 10 (the definition of a constructive obligation), 14 and 17).

Example 3: Offshore Oilfield
An enterprise operates an offshore oilfield where its licensing agreement requires it to remove the oil rig at the end of production and restore the seabed. Ninety per cent of the eventual costs relate to the removal of the oil rig and restoration of damage caused by building it, and 10 per cent arise through the extraction of oil. At the balance sheet date, the rig has been constructed but no oil has been extracted.
Present obligation as a result of a past obligating event - The construction of the oil rig creates a legal obligation under the terms of the licence to remove the rig and restore the seabed and is thus an obligating event. At the balance sheet date, however, there is no obligation to rectify the damage that will be caused by extraction of the oil.
An outflow of resources embodying economic benefits in settlement - Probable.
Conclusion - A provision is recognised for the best estimate of ninety per cent of the eventual costs that relate to the removal of the oil rig and restoration of damage caused by building it (see paragraph 14). These costs are included as part of the cost of the oil rig. The 10 per cent of costs that arise through the extraction of oil are recognised as a liability when the oil is extracted.

Example 4: Refunds Policy
A retail store has a policy of refunding purchases by dissatisfied customers, even though it is under no legal obligation to do so. Its policy of making refunds is generally known.
Present obligation as a result of a past obligating event - The obligating event is the sale of the product, which gives rise to a constructive obligation because the conduct of the store has created a valid expectation on the part of its customers that the store will refund purchases.
An outflow of resources embodying economic benefits in settlement - Probable, a proportion of goods are returned for refund (see paragraph 24).
Conclusion - A provision is recognised for the best estimate of the costs of refunds (see paragraphs 10 (the definition of a constructive obligation), 14, 17 and 24).
Example 5A: Closure of a Division - No Implementation Before Balance Sheet Date
On 12 December 2000 the board of an enterprise decided to close down a division. Before the balance sheet date (31 December 2000) the decision was not communicated to any of those affected and no other steps were taken to implement the decision.
Present obligation as a result of a past obligating event - There has been no obligating event and so there is no obligation.

Conclusion - No provision is recognised (see paragraphs 14 and 72).
Example 5B: Closure of a Division - Communication/Implementation Before Balance Sheet Date
On 12 December 2000, the board of an enterprise decided to close down a division making a particular product. On 20 December 2000 a detailed plan for closing down the division was agreed by the board; letters were sent to customers warning them to seek an alternative source of supply and redundancy notices were sent to the staff of the division.
Present obligation as a result of a past obligating event - The obligating event is the communication of the decision to the customers and employees, which gives rise to a constructive obligation from that date, because it creates a valid expectation that the division will be closed.
An outflow of resources embodying economic benefits in settlement - Probable.
Conclusion - A provision is recognised at 31 December 2000 for the best estimate of the costs of closing the division (see paragraphs 14 and 72).
Example 6: Legal Requirement to Fit Smoke Filters
Under new legislation, an enterprise is required to fit smoke filters to its factories by 30 June 2000. The enterprise has not fitted the smoke filters.
(a) At the balance sheet date of 31 December 1999
Present obligation as a result of a past obligating event - There is no obligation because there is no obligating event either for the costs of fitting smoke filters or for fines under the legislation.
Conclusion - No provision is recognised for the cost of fitting the smoke filters (see paragraphs 14 and 17-19).